-- Posted Friday, 28 April 2006 | Digg This Article

BullionVault's Paul Tustain gives a tangible illustration of the intangible nature of modern gold trading.

'Unallocated' gold is convenient but slightly risky.

The spot gold market trades this unallocated gold.  After a spot gold deal there is a separate and optional transaction called an EFP (Exchange For Physical) where the customer converts an entitlement into actual bars.  Banks generally save the cost of the EFP.  They deal unallocated gold in large sizes both between themselves, and with their professional customers, and this neither requires a physical settlement nor results in the buyer becoming a legal owner of the gold traded.  Instead the buyer is a legal creditor, and if the gold has been paid for in full the gold credit is unsecured.  It is a bit cheaper to trade this way than via physical bars; the buyer saves a dollar or two an ounce in return for accepting an exposure at the bank.

What follows is an illustration of just how dominant this 'ledger gold' really is in modern bullion markets.

BullionVault buys real physical bars from a major international bullion dealer, which also deals in volume with counterparties all over the world.  But against the trend BullionVault insists on physical delivery of bars into Brinks vaults, which enables BullionVault users to become the outright owners of the gold they buy.  It costs an extra dollar and a half an ounce.

As its own customers buy gold BullionVault re-loads its own inventory with periodic physical purchases.  So its Brinks 'Bar List' gradually grows, with batches of bars delivered sometimes a few days apart, and sometimes a few weeks.  The bars were originally manufactured by a refiner, and stamped there with their unique bar numbers.  They are the normal 'Good Delivery' size of 400 oz, which is the standard specification used to settle physical bullion market deals.

You can check out the actual Brinks list if you want [Click here and then click Zurich at the top of the gold panel] but the table below shows the important data.  There's something surprising in the detail.

Bar No	Location	Delivery
5812	Zurich	18-Jan-06
5813	Zurich	18-Jan-06
5814	Zurich	18-Jan-06
5815	Zurich	18-Jan-06
5816	Zurich	09-Feb-06
5817	Zurich	09-Feb-06
5818	Zurich	09-Feb-06
5819	Zurich	09-Feb-06
5820	Zurich	14-Feb-06
5821	Zurich	14-Feb-06
5822	Zurich	14-Feb-06
5738	Zurich	09-Mar-06
5739	Zurich	09-Mar-06
5740	Zurich	09-Mar-06
5741	Zurich	10-Apr-06
5742	Zurich	10-Apr-06
5743	Zurich	10-Apr-06
NS 1226	London	09-Jan-06
NS 1227	London	09-Jan-06
NS 1228	London	09-Jan-06
NS 1229	London	03-Feb-06
NS 1230	London	03-Feb-06
NS 1231	London	03-Feb-06
NS 1232	London	21-Feb-06
NS 1233	London	21-Feb-06
NS 1234	London	21-Feb-06
NS 1235	London	14-Mar-06
NS 1236	London	14-Mar-06
NS 1237	London	14-Mar-06
NS 1238	London	25-Apr-06
NS 1239	London	25-Apr-06
NS 1240	London	25-Apr-06

Notice how over the four weeks from 18-Jan 2006 to 14-Feb 2006, and involving the delivery of three separate purchases, the bar numbers delivered to BullionVault in Zurich are sequential.  Then again, over the four and a half weeks from 19-Mar-06 to 10-Apr-06 they were sequential again, for 2 more deliveries.  Then in London notice that all five physical deliveries between 09-Jan-06 and 25-Apr-06 are sequential too.

What seems like a logical conclusion (consistent with what the dealers tell us) is that BullionVault is the only customer of this major firm to trouble it with the hassle of delivering the actual physical bars.

We should not be drawn into the intrigue which surrounds the gold market in general, because we accept that trading gold on the ledger is cheaper and faster for banks, and it is natural (if frequently wrong) for banks to think themselves 100% credit-worthy.  But gold buyers should note that unallocated gold is not included in depositor protection, which means if unallocated gold is what you've got then a crisis would not be much fun.

That would be a shame - one of the points of owning gold is to make financial crises fun.

Contact author regarding this article.

-- Posted Friday, 28 April 2006 | Digg This Article

Paul Tustain edits Galmarley, the popular free research site on gold.  He recently sold London based SAM Systems - the specialist banking and risk management systems provider which he founded in 1990.  He consults on risk management within the financial sector and is well known as a writer, publisher and TV panellist both on gold and the workings of the financial system.  In 2005 he launched the BullionVault service - to improve the accessibility, security and affordability of professional grade gold bullion for private buyers all over the world.

Previous Articles by Paul Tustain

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