“Buy the Dips”—slang for purchasing stocks after a decline in prices
—Investopedia
“Don’t be afraid to buy the dip”
—Warren Buffett, The “Oracle of Omaha,” American business magnate, investor, philanthropist
“We simply attempt to be fearful when others are greedy, and to be greedy only when others are fearful”
—Warren Buffett
One of the most popular phrases you hear when market volatility increases both up and down is “buy the dip.” Surprisingly, this is a mantra of famed investor, the “Oracle of Omaha” —Warren Buffett. He also advocates to not time the market. That is odd given that it appears to clash with “buy the dip.” But then it is hard to argue with someone who amassed an $87 billion fortune. Buffett is also alleged to have said to buy good companies and hold them forever. However, that is somewhat of a myth as Buffett has sold companies largely because they were no longer good companies. One of his holdings, Coca-Cola (KO-NYSE), seems to have been in his portfolio forever.
Nonetheless, the phrase “buy the dip” is quite common, especially during a year like 2018 that has seen 10%-plus plunges followed by 10%-plus rises. Except unless you sold on the rebound you faced yet another 10%-plus plunge. Still, certain times of buying the dip have paid off. Think October 2002 (high-tech/dot.com bust bottom), March 2009 (housing crisis/Lehman Brothers bottom), August 2011 (EU/Greek crisis bottom), February 2016 (end of quantitative easing bottom), and November 2016 (Trump election panic bottom).
But sometimes it is not such a good idea to “buy the dip.” Buying in April 2000 brought you a few months respite before the market went off the cliff in 2001. The markets fell hard following a top in October 2007 finding a bottom in March 2008. A decent rebound followed into May 2008. After that it was lights out and the financial panic of 2008.
Initially, at least, buying the dip in February/April 2018 looked good as the market added roughly 15% after that. The good times lasted until September and then, in a flash, the mini-crash in October 2018 wiped it all out. It was that wipe-out that sent us the signal there is an excellent chance the bull market that started in March 2009 may now be over. Why? Because the October collapse quickly wiped out the gains from April. Final confirmation would come once the market breaks the February 2018 low. A look at the TSX Composite and it did break below the February low as well as taking out the low of 2017. That is a strong signal that new bear market is underway. Since 1900, the average bull market has lasted just over two years. Since 1990, that has increased to 3.3 years (counts any correction of 10%-plus as a bear). Bear markets, on the other hand, have lasted only 1.1 years since 1900. Since 1990, the average has been only 10 months but one of them—the October 2007/March 2009 bear—wiped 54% off the market. However, keep in mind that is just the average.
So, how has Warren Buffett fared? Well, pretty good, actually. His holding company Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.A) is up 482% since 2000 and despite a bad 2018 it is still up 10.6% year to date. The S&P 500 has only returned 2.3%. Of his top six holdings, only Apple (AAPL) and Coco-Cola (KO) have exceeded the return of BRK.A. The other four are actually down in 2018 and, in the case of Kraft Heinz (KHC), it is down a whopping 29%. Gold has done well since 2000 but as to 2018—well, it has not done so well. The lesson seems to be to throw 90% of your portfolio into BRK.A and the remaining 10% into gold. Gold is the ultimate hedge against government crises, deflation, inflation, geopolitical uncertainty, and currency devaluation, and has a long history of holding its value because, unlike paper assets, it has no liability.
The Warren Buffett Portfolio (Top Holdings)
Performance
January 1, 2000—present
Performance
January 1, 2018—present
Apple Inc. (AAPL)
5869.0%
16.1%
American Express Co. (AXP)
190.8%
11.8%
Bank of America Corp (BAC)
52.8%
(4.8)%
Kraft Heinz Co. (KHC)
151.1%
(30.1)%
Coco-Cola Co. (KO)
164.3%
12.3%
Wells Fargo & Co (WFC)
300.3%
(10.2)%
S&P 500
86.2%
2.3%
Gold
322.3%
(6.6)%
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. A (BRK.A)
485.4%
10.4%
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. B (BRK.B)
496.8%
10.2%
Instead of gold, one should hold silver. Buffett has no use for gold. He says it sits around and does nothing. In other words, he doesn’t believe gold is useful. Silver, on the other hand, has a myriad of industrial uses. It is used in medicine (bandages, catheters, healing agent for burns), water purification, and electronics—it is the best conductor of electricity so it shows up in computers, cellphones, and cameras, etc. Buffett has invested almost $1 billion in silver. Compared to gold, silver has been a laggard. Since 2000 it has gained 156%, while for 2018 it is down 16.2%.
Buffett may be onto something. The gold/silver ratio is currently at/near historical high levels. Our long-term chart of the ratio shows the current level has only been here a few times in the last century. Historically, the ratio had been observed in nature as around 16:1. The U.S. geological survey put it at around 17.6:1. In 1787, when the U.S. Constitution established gold and silver as legal tender, the ratio proposed by Alexander Hamilton was 15:1. In Roman times, the ratio was set at 12.5:1. The French in 1803 set the ratio at 15.5:1. Throughout the 20th century the ratio has averaged at least 47:1. Today it sits at around 85:1, suggesting that gold is grossly overvalued compared to silver. However, we have no thoughts or illusions that the gold/silver ratio is going to get back to 16:1. Based on gold currently trading just over $1,200, that would suggest a silver price of $75. Silver is currently trading at just over $14.
Buffett’s track record since 2000 appears to be quite good when compared to the broader market. But even Buffett goes through ups and downs. In other words, he is not immune to cycles that bring us both bull and bear markets. Berkshire Hathaway’s A shares were down 51% during the high-tech/dot.com collapse of 2000-2002 and fell 54% during the 2008 financial crisis. That compares favourably (or unfavourably, depending on how one wishes to view it) with the broader market during those periods. Where Berkshire has outperformed is to the upside since the bottom in March 2009. Given we are now receiving a myriad of sell signals and signs that the market may have topped following a long bull market, Berkshire Hathaway would not be immune to a decline like the broader market. If that is the case, expect Berkshire to fall 30% to 50% over the next year or two along with the market. One would then have to be patient to “buy the dip.” But holding silver right now would not be a bad idea as a hedge. This is a dip that should be bought.
Has the next bubble burst for Bitcoin and the cryptos? As we long suspected, Bitcoin finally broke its trading range and the break was as expected to the downside. We admit we left open the possibility of an upside breakup but if it had occurred, we believe it would have been a head fake. But the break was to the downside, in keeping with a sector that is increasingly under scrutiny, plagued with hacks, scams, and frauds, and the reality is you can’t really use it for much despite efforts to expand its use. The most notable uses are in the sin trades—gambling and pornography, two areas that could be open to money laundering.
After trading for what seemed like eons between $6,200 to $6,800, Bitcoin has fallen 13% + in the past week. Others have lost more. We saw Bitcoin Cash (BCH) down over 29% on the week. The result has seen the market cap of all cryptos fall to $184.6 billion this week, down from $212.3 billion the previous week, a drop of $27.7 billion. Even the number of cryptos listed at Coin Market Cap (www.coinmarketcap.com) has fallen to 2,082, down from 2,093. Oddly, the number of cryptos listed at Dead Coins (www.deadcoins.com) also fell to 935 from 936. How dead coins can disappear is beyond us, but we guess it happens. Even the number of cryptos with a market cap of $1 billion or higher has fallen. It now stands at 14 vs. 15 a week ago. Crypto millionaires are swiftly becoming poor again.
The low on the week was just above $5,200. None of this stopped articles calling for a rebound. They would, however, be safer in calling for lower prices even if they were to get a bounce.The most interesting story we picked up is a lawsuit against Ripple by investors in XRP, currently the second largest crypto by market cap with a market cap of $19.1 billion. The lawsuit is a class action one, see https://www.coindesk.com/combined-class-action-lawsuit-against-ripple-moves-to-federal-court
Based on the triangle that formed before this breakdown, potential targets for Bitcoin could slip down to $3,800. A decline to that level would put Bitcoin down 80% from its all-time high seen in December 2017. Many cryptos have fallen 90% or more or just disappeared. Many on the list at Coin Market Cap, we believe, will also just disappear and take their investors with them. But then, what was expected by something that was started too fast, with apparently little thought that regulators would ever look at it or that the sector would not be a great vehicle for scams, hacks, and money laundering. The most bizarre was the idea that Bitcoin might one day replace the U.S. dollar.
We continue to believe that we have entered a new emerging bear market. Markets didn’t fare too well this past week. The S&P 500 fell 1.6%, the Dow Jones Industrials (DJI) was off 2.2%, while the NASDAQ fell 2.2%. The Dow Jones Transportations (DJT) surprised with a gain of 0.6%, but that was an exception. The small cap Russell 2000 fell 1.4% and is now down 0.5% on the year. The other indices cling to gains, even as short-term trends are pointed down while intermediate term trends are turning down. Only the long-term monthly trend remains up, but weakening. Here in Canada, the TSX Composite fell 0.8% supported by gains in the materials and golds. The TSX Venture Exchange (CDNX) continued its woes, hitting new 52-week lows and losing 4.1%. Overseas, the London FTSE 100 was off 1.3% as Brexit woes continued, the Paris CAC 40 fell 1.6%, while the German DAX dropped 1.6% and is now down 12.2% on the year. In Asia, China’s Shanghai Exchange (SSEC) was a winner, up 3.1% as it continued a recent bounce, but it remains down 19% on the year. Tokyo’s Nikkei Dow (TKN) didn’t hold up, losing 2.6% and is down 4.8% on the year.
We believe now that the S&P 500 topped on October 3, 2018 at 2,940.91. The index is now down 7% from that high and was at one point down 11.5%. We believe the S&P 500 fell in five waves to the low seen on October 29 at 2,603. The rebound seen since may not be finished but right now that is inconclusive. The question is, is the current pullback merely the b wave of an abc correction or has the B or 2 wave completed and we are now working on wave C or wave 3, depending on how one counts it. Thursday saw a nice reversal in the market and we followed through to the upside on Friday, giving us some thoughts that the market has further rally at this point. Resistance is seen at 2,800 to 2,820. Only above 2,900 would we entertain any thoughts of new highs. If, as we suspect, this is a B wave or 2 wave these waves can be tricky. New lows below 2,670 would raise the spectre of new lows below 2,603. We are in a period that often sees seasonal strength, but we are under no illusions, given that a bear market is emerging.
This is the S&P North American Technology Index. It too appears to have completed five waves to a top in September. As with other indices it has broken below its 200-day MA and, as well, it broke the uptrend line from the February 2016 low. Technology has been a key component in the rise of the S&P 500, so this index breaking down is a sign of deeper trouble.
The same can be said for the Semiconductor Index (SOX). It topped in March, months ahead of the Technology Index and the S&P 500. It broke firmly from a clear topping pattern and is also trading below its 200-day MA and under the uptrend line from the February 2016 low. Some further gains are possible here but the story is the same—sell rallies.
The NASDAQ continues the bear story as it topped in August and then fell sharply in October. The NASDAQ is off 11% from its high, and at one point was down 15% from the August high. Both its short and intermediate term trends are pointed down. The long-term monthly trend is holding up but weakening. But, as we have pointed out, bear markets are not about going straight down. They twist and turn and capitulation usually only comes at the end, one that could take two years to achieve. The green trend line is the uptrend from the February 2016 low and the NASDAQ is one of the few that has not yet broken that uptrend.
Apple (AAPL), the trillion-dollar company, is no longer a trillion-dollar company. Today it is a mere $918 billion. In many respects, Apple as the leader of the FAANGs, has held up remarkably well. Warren Buffett wants to buy it on dips. But we like that 4-year MA way down at $142 as a much better entry point. If we are in, as we suspect, an emerging bear market, testing the 4-year MA is quite normal. Many including the indices break the 4-year MA. But outperformers merely test it but don’t break it. Apple is currently clinging to the 40-week MA and the uptrend line from the February 2016 low. A break of that level currently near $195 could start the move towards the 4-year MA.
The woes of the TSX Composite continue. The TSX is down 6.5% on the year and, at one point, was down 12% from its all-time high seen in July. It is trading well below the 200-day MA, a level now that should act as resistance. Further resistance can be seen up to 16,000. We believe in any rebound that should act firmly as resistance. If that was a head and shoulders top, the projection was for a decline to 15,300. The low, so far, is 14,640. A secondary target would have been 14,880. Given that we breeched both of these levels suggests to us that any corrective wave should be limited before we resume the downtrend and new lows below 14,640. At the recent low, the TSX Composite was making new 52-week lows. All of this confirms our thoughts we are in an emerging bear market.
The TSX Financial Index (FS) is a key component of the TSX Composite. It contains all of the big six banks (BMO, BNS, RY, CM, TD, and NA). That was a pretty broad topping pattern seen on the index throughout 2018. FS topped in January and the rebound rally did not reach that level again. It eventually broke down under the topping pattern. The projection is for a decline to at least 250. Longer term support comes in around 270. New lows below 279 would probably send FS down towards 250. This is not a pretty chart. Only regaining back above 300 might change this scenario.
If the German economy is supposed to be the leader in the EU, then the German DAX Index is not reflecting that. The index topped back in January 2018 and since then is down about 17%. At one point, it was down about 19%. The woes of Germany’s largest bank, Deutsche Bank (DB), are well known. Some even believe it is vulnerable to a Lehman Brothers collapse. We don’t believe that will happen as Deutsche Bank is just too important to the German economy and, while it does have huge derivatives, exposure it is not, overall, enough to tip it over. Worries about Italian banks and contagion with other banks in the EU are real, but Italian banks have bigger exposure to Spanish banks. Still, this is an ongoing bear market that has nowhere near run its course. All of the MAs are pointed down. We could argue that the DAX made a huge head and shoulders top. The target is around 10,000. That is still a way off.
This is the NYSE bullish percent index. It is not doing well. The NYSE has broken down under its rising trend line from the February 2016 low. The index is around 41% at this stage and nowhere near the lows seen in February 2016. This still has considerable room to move lower, and it probably will.
The 10-year U.S. Treasury note fell in yield this past week to 3.08%, down from 3.19% the previous week. Is it possible that the Treasury yields have topped? The drop was a surprise and a move lower towards that trend line would take out the previous low of 3.08%. The trend line appears to be around 3.03%, and if that breaks it could suggest that the long rise in yields from September 2017 at 2.05% is over. It would mean that the 10-year falls short of our target of 3.45%. Grant you, this could be a correction to the recent up move and there could remain another good up move in yields. Key is holding that 3.03% level and especially holding above 3%. We’re not sure the rise is over yet, but we’ll be watching that 3% level closely.
Our recession watch spread (2 year–10 year) keeps waffling around. This past week it closed at 27 bp, up from 25 bp the previous week. It doesn’t change our outlook that the 2–10 spread should continue its inexorable march towards turning negative over the next several months. Signs continue that the U.S. economy could be slowing. This is particularly true in housing starts and sales, a key component of the economy. This past week the Philly Fed reported a lower level at 12.9 for November vs. 22.2 for October, while the NY Empire State Index came in mildly higher for November at 23.3 vs. 21.1 for October. Retail sales were also stronger than expected, but industrial production for October slipped. Capital flows into the U.S. are also sliding and that is not necessarily a good sign. We expect the 2–10 spread to continue to decline over the next several months and we are still targeting sometime in 2019 for the spread to turn negative. The Fed is widely expected to hike the key Fed rate another 25 bp in December. Some believe that the 2–10 spread is not that important anymore because of the long period of Fed interest rate suppression keeping rates at zero (ECB and the BOJ went negative), and now the Fed’s period of QT where they are mostly allowing maturities to run off and not replace them. So, the belief is that the Fed interest rate suppression has distorted the 2–10 spread and it is not as meaningful.
Here is the Canadian 10-year Government of Canada bond. It plunged (in yield) this week, taking out that low of October 26, 2018 at 2.39% as it closed at 2.37% this past week. The trendline up from the low seen in June 2017 could soon fall. If that’s the case, then it would signal a further rally in yields and make owning longer dated bonds attractive at these levels.
We haven’t shown a chart of the iShares 20+ year Treasury Bond ETF (TLT) for sometime. The TLT is price-based, not yield-based (bond prices move inversely to yields) so it gives us a somewhat different perspective. We note that the TLT made a low, then rallied, and then made a slightly lower low before rebounding once again. The TLT appears poised to take out the October 26, 2018 high of 115.04. Once it does, it could be signaling that a low is in. With signs (still somewhat remote) that the U.S. economy could be slowing, the TLT and other longer dated bonds in the U.S. and Canada could become targets for more buying.
Has the US$ Index topped? This past week the US$ Index made new 52-week highs, then reversed and closed lower on the week, off 0.4%. Its counterpart, the euro gained 0.7% after making new 52-week lows, while the Brexit-beaten pound sterling fell 1.1%, the Japanese yen gained 0.8%, while the Canadian dollar was up 0.3%. The US$ was down a small 0.03% with the Chinese yuan. But key here was making a new 52-week high at 97.53, then closing off that high by 1.2%, losing 1.20 points. It was not a key reversal week as the low of the previous week at 95.49 was not breeched. The US$ Index has support down to 95.40 and 95. Below those levels the decline could accelerate. It was interesting to read that Elliot Wave International (www.elliottwave.com) believes the US$ is at the “forefront of a multi-month decline.” We don’t disagree and have been anticipating that could well happen. Bullish sentiment towards the US$ hit over 90% recently and that is at/near record highs. Key long-term support is at 93.25, but below that level a major bear market in the US$ Index should get underway. The deteriorating political situation in the U.S., along with the U.S./China trade wars, the global tensions with Russia/China, and a slowing U.S. economy are all factors.
The euro FX made new 52-week lows this past week, and then reversed and closed higher. This is a positive development. It is, of course, the mirror image of the US$ Index because the euro makes up 57.6% of the index. The reversal this past week could constitute a key reversal week as the euro made new 52-week lows, then reversed, putting in an outside week (lower low, higher high) and closed higher. Follow-through is important so we’d like to see further gains this coming week. The first major point resistance to note is the 118.15 high seen in September. Key, of course, is that the euro does not go back down. A move back below 113 would be negative, but possibly only temporary.
It is interesting to note that the commercial COT for the euro is as bullish as we have ever seen it. This past week the euro commercial COT remained steady at 52%. It is rare to see it over 50%—and surprising given the travails in the euro zone, particularly between Italy and the EU. This bullish report was worth pointing out.
Gold was plunging in the early part of the week, threatening to break back under $1,200 (low was $1,197), but then it reversed and closed the week up 1.2%. That still leaves gold down on the year by 6.6%, but the reversal was encouraging. As gold plunged to $1,197 this past week, the bullish sentiment fell to 7%. That’s not a record low, but it’s close enough. The subsequent rebound carried gold up to $1,226 before settling back. We expect higher prices now this coming week given the bullish reversal. A move above the recent high at $1,246 could target up to $1,295/$1,300 on this next move. Key will be making new highs above $1,246. If this is correct, gold could be in the early stages of our long-awaited intermediate C wave. The benchmark for lows remains December 2015 at $1,045. A strong rally followed, topping in July 2016 at $1,377. That has remained untouched since, although a few attempts were made in 2017 and early 2018. We are moving into a strong seasonal period for gold and that should help. We have noted that we believe we are making an important 34-month cycle low as well, coming as it has roughly three years after the December 2015 low. This is another sign that a strong rally could follow. If we are correct on the C wave, we could carry to $1,500 and even higher on this move, a move that would occur over a period of months. Certainly, the conditions are there and if the US$ Index has topped as we suspect, that will be a major factor in propelling gold prices higher. A move back under $1,200 would be negative and put the scenario described on hold, but it would not negate it.
We love to see divergences at key times and this past week’s divergence between gold and silver may be quite important. As one can see, gold prices have been making higher lows since their August low of $1,167. Silver, on the other hand, made a lower low, first in September at $13.97, and then this past week it made another lower low at $13.86. The fact that silver found no sustained selling on new lows is a sign in itself that an important low may have been made.
The gold commercial COT jumped nicely this past week to 50%, up from 45% as the commercials appeared to cover on the recent plunge in gold prices. Long open interest leaped by just under 27,000 contracts while short open interest fell by about 9,000 contracts. The jump in longs tells us that there was fresh buying going on during this plunge, a very bullish sign. It wasn’t primarily short covering. The large speculators (hedge funds, managed futures, etc.) fell to 49% from 53% as they added roughly 27,000 contracts to their short position. They continue to hold record shorts. This is a very bullish report.
Silver put in a great reversal this past week, plunging to new 52-week lows, and then reversing and closing higher on the week with a gain of 1.7%. Bullish sentiment had fallen to under 9%, a level from which silver has recovered in the past leading to strong rallies. There is still work to be done, but we wouldn’t be surprised at a move this week back towards the previous high of $14.95. Once over $15, further bullish potential exists. The benchmark over the past three years is the $21.23 high seen in July 2016. There is considerable congestion resistance between $15.65 and $18 to $18.50. But once through that zone, a move to new highs could well take place. Only falling back under $14 might put a hold on this scenario. Overall, we believe an important low is in place.
Given this past week’s plunge in silver prices, it was not surprising to discover that the commercials were active in covering their shorts. The commercial COT jumped nicely to 49% from 45% the previous week. Long open interest was up just over 3,000 contracts while short open interest fell about 11,000 contracts. The large speculators COT fell to 45% from 49% as managed futures, in particular, remain with record shorts. This is as about as bullish as it gets.
The TSX Gold Index (TGD) tested the breakout line of the small head and shoulders this past week, and then reversed, moving sharply higher. The TGD gained 2.3% on the week while the U.S-based Gold Bugs Index (HUI) jumped 3.6%. The TGD now appears to be poised for higher levels and the recent high of 175 should fall on this move. There is considerable resistance up to 178, but we were buoyed by the TGD bouncing off breakout trendline support and finding some stability just under the turning up 50-day MA. This has been a miserable sector this year, but, as we have seen in the past, fortunes can change suddenly. Yesterday’s dog becomes today’s star. Numerous individual gold mining shares are seeing buoyant prices for the first time in a while. But there remains considerable work to do. New highs above 175 could target 195 in the next up move.
In the early part of the year the energy sector was a star. Not any more. From being up nicely on the year, WTI oil prices have plunged in almost unprecedented fashion. Reminds one of the 2008 crash that saw WTI oil collapse from $147 to $33 in a matter of months. It was one of more spectacular crashes we have witnessed. Sure, this isn’t as spectacular, but the pain is just the same—maybe worse because the sector never really recovered from that earlier crash. But the reality is, WTI oil is down 27% from the highs and is posting new 52-week lows. We had pegged a potential target of $52.50, and the low so far is $54.75. There might be a bit more downside here before we find a better footing for rebound rally. Surprisingly, the Philadelphia Oil & Gas Index (XOI) is down only 16% from its highs, so maybe it’s a divergence. Then again, natural gas has been soaring to new 52-week highs so that has helped keep the stocks somewhat afloat. But beware. Natural gas prices looked they spiked this past week, and then reversed to the downside. They may have topped. But with lower WTI oil prices, drivers are relieved as the price of gas at the pump has plummeted as well. WTI oil is probably due for a bounce here. But there is considerable resistance overhead. Getting back to $66 might be a struggle.
With the Canadian heavy-oil benchmark Western Canadian Select trading at US$13.46 when WTI oil is above US$55, it only makes sense that the Canadian energy stocks have taken a beating. The TSX Energy Index (TEN) has been making new 52-week lows almost daily of late. The TEN is down about 26% from its highs in May 2018. Ultimately, it may trade even lower. As a rather prescient article in this weekend’s Globe and Mail points out, “The plummeting price of Canadian heavy crude oil has been a source of rising anxiety in Calgary and misery for investors in the energy sector. But it is more than that. As the downturn deepens, it’s becoming a cause of worry for the entire domestic economy, and, for government finances that haven’t fully recovered yet from the oil crash of 2014–2016.”(https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-alberta-oil-price-collapse-raises-fears-of-economic-contagion/). It is easy to blame the inability to get pipelines built but then there are courts, provincial jurisdictions, First Nations, environmentalists, and more, so the roadblocks are many. This chart may give way to a bounce, but the reality is the TEN is in a downtrend with no sign of a bottom.
A few weeks ago, we looked at the stock market in inflation-adjusted terms. Here are gold prices in inflation adjusted terms, dating back to 1720. For years, gold prices on an inflation-adjusted basis moved lower. The reason was simple. Until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 there existed what was known as the classical Gold Standard. Its prime period was from 1870. As a result, gold prices were primarily fixed. Periods of deflation and inflation negatively or positively influenced the purchasing power of gold, even as its price was fixed. In those early years any increase in the price of gold was small. That ended in 1934 with the Gold Reserve Act that revalued the price of gold to $35 up from $20.67, a 70% increase. At the same time, it devalued the U.S. dollar.
The Bretton Woods system came into being in 1945 following the end of WW2. The U.S. dollar was at the center of the system and currencies were fixed but adjustable to the U.S. dollar, with the U.S. dollar convertible into gold at $35/ounce. The inter-war period 1914–1945 was chaotic for currencies and gold so there was huge incentive to bring some stability to currencies. Unlike the classical Gold Standard period, capital controls were permitted to allow countries to stimulate their economies without suffering financial penalties.
The Bretton Woods system didn’t last long and began to break down in the 1960s. In August 1971, the U.S. under Richard Nixon ended the gold standard and set gold free trade in the market. The period of fixed exchange rates came to an end in 1973. Since then, gold has been rising in inflation-adjusted terms. It peaked in 1980 near $3,000/ounce in inflation-adjusted terms. Gold today has not come close since although it hit just over $1,900 in 2011. The chart of the CPI-adjusted gold price from 1900 on looks different than the 300-year chart above.
David Chapman is not a registered advisory service and is not an exempt market dealer (EMD). We do not and cannot give individualised market advice. The information in this newsletter is intended only for informational and educational purposes. It should not be considered a solicitation of an offer or sale of any security. The reader assumes all risk when trading in securities and David Chapman advises consulting a licensed professional financial advisor before proceeding with any trade or idea presented in this newsletter. We share our ideas and opinions for informational and educational purposes only and expect the reader to perform due diligence before considering a position in any security. That includes consulting with your own licensed professional financial advisor.
The content on this site is protected
by U.S. and international copyright laws and is the property of GoldSeek.com
and/or the providers of the content under license. By "content" we mean any
information, mode of expression, or other materials and services found on GoldSeek.com.
This includes editorials, news, our writings, graphics, and any and all other
features found on the site. Please contact
us for any further information.
Live GoldSeek Visitor Map | Disclaimer
The views contained here may not represent the views of GoldSeek.com, Gold Seek LLC, its affiliates or advertisers. GoldSeek.com, Gold Seek LLC makes no representation, warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy
or completeness of the information (including news, editorials, prices, statistics,
analyses and the like) provided through its service. Any copying, reproduction
and/or redistribution of any of the documents, data, content or materials contained
on or within this website, without the express written consent of GoldSeek.com, Gold Seek LLC,
is strictly prohibited. In no event shall GoldSeek.com, Gold Seek LLC or its affiliates be
liable to any person for any decision made or action taken in reliance upon
the information provided herein.
